Valve failure concerns

Valve wear has been a small but serious problem to engine designers and manufacturers for many years. It has been described as ‘One of the most perplexing wear problems in internal combustion engines Although new valve materials and production techniques are constantly being
developed, these advances have been outpaced by demands for increased engine performance. These demands include:
higher horsepower-to-weight ratio;
lower specific fuel consumption;
environmental considerations such as emissions reduction;
extended durability (increased time between servicing).

The drive for reduced oil consumption and exhaust emissions has led to a reduction in the
amount of lubricant present in the air stream in automotive diesel engines, and the effort
to lengthen service intervals has resulted in an increasingly contaminated lubricant. These
changes have led to an increase in the wear of inlet valves and seat inserts.
Lead, originally added to petrol to increase the octane number, was found to form
compounds during combustion that proved to be excellent lubricants, significantly
reducing valve and seat wear. Leaded petrol, however, has now been phased out in the
UK (since the end of 1999). As an alternative, lead replacement petrol (LRP) has been
developed. This contains anti-wear additives based on alkali metals such as
phosphorus, sodium, and potassium. Results of tests run using LRP containing such
additives, however, have shown that, as yet, lead is unchallenged in providing the best
protection. In several countries where LRP has already been introduced, a high
Automotive Engine Valve Recession incidence of exhaust valve burn has been recorded. In Sweden the occurrence of valve burn problems has increased by 500 per cent since LRP was introduced in 1992 [2].

The suspected cause of the valve burn problems is incomplete valve-to-valve seat
sealing as a result of valve seat recession (VSR). The occurrence of VSR is blamed on
hot corrosion – an accelerated attack of protective oxide films that occurs in
combustion environments where low levels of alkali and/or other trace elements are
present. A wide range of high-temperature alloys are susceptible to hot corrosion,
including nickel- and cobalt-based alloys, which are used extensively as exhaust valve
materials or as wear-resistant coatings on valves or seats. Materials used for engine
components have always been designed to resist corrosive attack by lead salts. No such
development has taken place to form materials resistant to alkali metals or other
additive chemistries. It is clear that LRP will not provide an immediate solution to the
valve wear issue, which is likely to cause tension between car manufacturers and
owners for some time to come. 

The impending reductions in the sulphur content of diesel fuel and the introduction of
alternative fuels, such as gas, will also have implications for valve and seat insert wear.
Dynamometer engine testing is often employed to investigate valve wear problems.
This is expensive and time consuming, and does not necessarily help in finding the
actual cause of the wear. Valve wear involves so many variables that it is impossible to
confirm precise, individual quantitative evaluations of all of them during such testing.
In addition, the understanding of wear mechanisms is complicated by inconsistent
patterns of valve failure. For example, failure may occur in only a single valve
operating in a multi-valve cylinder. Furthermore, the apparent mode of failure may
vary from one valve to another in the same cylinder or between cylinders in the same
engine. An example of such inconsistency is shown in Fig. 1.3. This illustrates exhaust
valve recession values for four cylinders in the same engine (measurements taken on the cylinder head).

The valve in cylinder 1 has recessed to the point where pressure is
being lost from the cylinder, while the other valves have hardly recessed at all.
No hard and fast rules have been established to arrive at a satisfactory valve life. Each
case, therefore, has to be painstakingly investigated, the cause or causes of the problem
isolated, and remedial action taken. In order to analyse the wear mechanisms in detail
and isolate the critical operating conditions, simulation of the valve wear process must
be used. This has the added benefit of being cost effective and saving time.
Based on the wear patterns observed, the fundamental mechanisms of valve wear can
be determined. Once the fundamental mechanisms are understood, a viable model of
valve wear can be developed that will speed up the solution of future valve wear
problems and assist in the design of new engines.




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  • 5:15:00 PM

    Gray Smoke From Exhaust

    For those who have high mobility and relies heavily on private automobiles, would not only be able and capable than the wheel chair. Know the vehicle that became the most dependable sidekick also requires attention not less.
    Unfortunately, sometimes due to the high level of activity and energy draining activities throughout the week, it's hard to find spare time to give more attention to this one friend. Until symptoms appear malfunction of vehicle components, then we realized the lack of attention in terms of vehicle maintenance.
    No need to panic, as long as you can immediately identify malfunctions what happened to kendaraan.Nah, general conditions common malfunctions are:
    * Smoke
    * Disturbance and needle indicator lights
    * Noda, leakage, excessive fluid
    * Tires
    * Lighting system
    * Body and paint
    * Wiper Problems
    Sometimes the disorder is actually trivial, simply because ketida mengertian, problem-maslaah panikk rider can make, and generally struck a woman rider.
    ASAP
    Malfunctioning machines cause smoke when the vehicle we operate, could be:
    * Excess Smoke From Exhaust
    * Gray Smoke From Exhaust
    * White Smoke and Air Out Of Exhaust
    * Black Smoke From Exhaust
    * The smoke from the engine hood
    * White smoke accompanied by the smell of burning rubber
    * Smoke Of Wheels
    Excess Smoke From Exhaust
    You can see the oil is below the level of oil change, and unprecedented. Oil Well that also burned in the engine combustion process that is the emergence of excessive smoke. These conditions will make the vehicle does not have the power runway as usual. If allowed to go on, then for the long term will bother you. What enables this to occur are:
    1. PCV system is not functioning properly.
    2. Machine is broken in several places.
    3. Seal katuk worn.
    4. Engine piston ring worn out.
    Gray Smoke From Exhaust
    The emergence of gray smoke when the vehicle distater, and sometimes these spaces exist after the machine finished masah heated though tidka too real. You pelu observe whether the excess smoke in this condition was gradually getting worse because it indicates the level of damage.
    Possible Cause:
    1. Worn piston rings.
    2. Valve which began worn worn valve guides.
    3. Damaged or defective valve worn valve guides. [ERF / eng]
    White Smoke and Air Out Of Exhaust
    You can tell from the number of smoke coming out from the exhaust accompanied by water which continues even though the car has been heated long enough. Like other excess smoke, this will be a serious problem if left there for the long term.
    Possible Cause:
    1. The presence of fluid (oil) into the manifold transmission.
    2. Gaskets from cylinder engine replaced it's time
    3. Engine cylinder head covered with something, or even experience
    cracks.
    4. The existence of cracks in engine blocks.
    Black Smoke From Exhaust
    If smoke comes out of your vehicle exhaust is black and quite thick, certainly not you just could see it clearly, but also other road users who would "disturbed". The more severe the problem of your machine, then automatically this smoke will be more black and thick.
    Possible Cause:
    1. If the vehicle still uses carburetors, could be a choke
    carburetor is closed.
    2. The existence of leaks in the fuel injection system.
    3. Blockage of water filters.
    4. Interference to ignition engine.
    Smoke From Engine Hood
    If this happens, usually make the driver panicked, especially if it was during the super street jam. Not the panic that you need, but attention! Mean machine that has troubled you pay attention for a long time.
    Possible Cause:
    1. If the smell of smoke arising from oil, there is
    engine oil leak.
    2. If white smoke arising from the color, could be the
    radiator leak
    3. If black or blue smoke flavor accompanied
    sting, that's a sign of electrical disturbance and
    note whether there is a burning cable. [ERF / eng]
    Accompanied White Smoke Burned Rubber Odor
    This includes one of the fastest disturbance smoke panicked motorists. And rightly you panic, but still, you need to identify possible causes. If you are in the middle of the highway, tepikan vehicles that do not immediately place meinbulkan congestion for other road users. Turn off the engine immediately and locate the origin of the odor like burning rubber. If you find there is a burning, of course you should take to extinguish the new fire emergency to find out the cause of the fire. The complexity, the engine can suddenly vehicle on fire without any previous signs.
    Possible Cause:
    1. Fan belt is loose and interfere with the function of the machine
    other.
    2. Engine overheating
    3. The existence of a short circuit in the electrical system of vehicle
    4. Damage to the machine that has a fan belt.
    Smoke Of Wheels
    You can only see the smoke that appears when you have kendarran kemudiakan in the stop position. When the vehicle is running, it may be difficult to distinguish asapa with smoke emerging from the wheel. Do not think that the emergence of smoke from the wheels of a sudden this happened. In fact already there is damage you do not know, and over time become semkain severe.
    Possible Cause:
    1. Disc brake caliper from highly corrupted
    2. Hand brake is still in a state of active (not removed when
    driven vehicles).
    3. The presence of damage to the brake drum.
    4. Rotor brake overheat.





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  • 8:36:00 PM

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