Functions of the turbocharger

Internal combustion engines ignite air and fuel to produce energy that is

converted to power. The waste created by the combustion is expelled.

Compressors in the charging systems increase output by compressing the air used for combustion. There are three basic types of compressors, exhaust gas turbochargers, mechanically driven superchargers and pressure wave superchargers.1 The latter two compress air using power supplied by the crankshaft, while the turbocharger is powered by the exhaust gas. A turbocharger (Fig. 11.1) gives a small engine the same horsepower as a much larger engine and makes larger engines more powerful, increasing power output by as much as 40%.2 Turbocharging was rapidly adopted for commercial diesel applications after the first oil crisis in 1973.3 Stringent emission regulations mean that today, virtually every truck engine is turbocharged.

Turbocharged petrol engines for cars came into fashion because of their power, but their role in reducing emissions is now recognized. The introduction of a turbocharged diesel car in 1978 was the breakthrough for turbocharging in engines. Subsequent improvements in diesel engines for cars have increased efficiency, improved drivability to match that of petrol engines and reduced emissions.

The turbocharger is basically an air pump. It makes the air/fuel mixture more combustible by introducing more air into the engine’s chamber which, in turn, creates more power and torque. It accomplishes this task by condensing or compressing the air molecules, increasing the density of the air drawn in by the engine.

Hot exhaust gases leaving the engine are routed directly to the turbine wheel to make it rotate. The turbine wheel drives the compressor wheel via the shaft. The typical turbocharger rotates at speeds of 200,000 rpm or more.

The rotation of the compressor wheel pulls in ambient air and compresses it before pumping it into the engine’s chambers. The compressed air leaving the compressor wheel housing is very hot, as a result of both compression and friction. The charge-air cooler reduces the temperature of the compressed air so that it is denser when it enters the chamber. It also helps to keep the temperature down in the combustion chamber.

The most recent turbochargers adjust the cross-section at the inlet of the turbine wheel in order to optimize turbine power according to load, a system known as variable geometry. The advantages of the turbocharger include a high power-to-weight ratio, so engines are more compact and lighter, a high torque at low engine speeds, which results in quieter engines, and superiorperformance at high altitudes. Currently, the primary reason for turbocharging is the use of exhaust gas energy to reduce fuel consumption and emissions.

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The science and technology of materials in automotive engines

Hiroshi Yamagata

Woodhead Publishing and Maney Publishing

on behalf of

The Institute of Materials, Minerals & Mining

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITED

Cambridge England

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If the windshield is not maintained

Because of frosted glass, moldy or even been scratched, making rain water droplets that do not directly touch the surface to flow down.

Car window was sometimes a part that is often overlooked in maintenance. This is because car owners are usually more concerned about the appearance of the body, wheels, and interior cleanliness. Washed out the extent of glass, so it feels pretty clean look.

Often left to accumulate dust windshield. In fact, if too long ignored, dust will accumulate and harden, and finally crystallized. In such circumstances, when will use the wipers, dust would be scratching the surface of the crystal outer glass.

Which continues to glass dust, when exposed to pollutants such as diesel, if not immediately cleaned properly, will speed up the glass becomes opaque. In the polluted condition of pollutant gases, cleaning with water alone does not make jendala back windscreen clean and clear.

Therefore, before entering the season, especially after a long dry drought, special care needs to be done against the windshield. Can be done independently or handed over to the service salon car that was now set a high price for such purpose.

Activity is important, because the opaque glass, moldy or even been scratched, making rain water droplets that can directly touch the surface is not flowing down. Because the dirt has formed a layer of soft and porous and has bersenyawa with the glass in question. Therefore, although the glass has been washed away or wiped dry wipers though, would not make it completely clean and clear.

As a result of these circumstances can be very dangerous. This occurs when the experience is opaque or scratch the windshield of a car. When that happens then when it comes headlights, then the light will glow and dazzle the eye so that can not be sighted

observing the road ahead.

Faced with this, do not be too worried. Now there are ways to treat and clean the glass with a self-contained, among others, use special chemicals that many traded and not a few car service salon that specializes to the interests of auto glass care.

''But all of them have to be careful. Because there is some specificity to the windshield. Glass of Japanese cars will be another with a European or American,''said Hans, one operator salon special car glass treatment on the Radio Road, South Jakarta.

He thinks there is a type of windscreen that should never be cleaned in the usual manner. Even for cars made in Europe and the United States he suggested cleaning using a cleaning fluid that does not contain chemicals. And, how its use can be rubbed directly on the glass or at least mixed with fresh water before use.

Auto salon quality work, be the first part should be a consideration when they want to perform maintenance glass. That's if you want practical without having to choose and find a special compound to clean the car in question independently.

If you want to perform maintenance on their own glass, according to Hans windshield should be cleaned first with water and wipe until completely free of dust. Then rinse the glass with soap or shampoo car.

After that start mongosok by rotating and not static in one direction by using a special liquid glass cleaner.

Try not to clean the glass in the sun. Similarly, when washing the glass with a shampoo on routine maintenance activities. Because the car shampoo or soap containing additives, then this compound would be rapidly absorbed into the glass so tersinari sun. Finally, the spots will quickly emerge.

Especially for crystal glass damaged by dust or scratches exposed rubber wiper, most salons have a special tool that is able to polish the glass to come back clear. There are two types of polishing tools.

When it is necessary to clean the glass is limited because of scratches or because the usual stack of crustal dust layers can be used a tool made of similar material asbestos. As for the scratches are rather deep pengosok gurinda kind of glass used.

When the salon car, consider this tool work. For polishing as well as trimming layers of glass to remove scratches can not be done in one place. When this happens the glass surface would be distorted or appear wavy. Wavy glass that would be very harmful to the eye nerve. bid

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