Tubeless tires

Today, almost all types of sedan vehicles using the ordinary kind and radial tires are tubeless (without inner tube). If punctured a nail or other sharp objects, tubeless tires will run out the wind. It is obviously very dangerous in addition to make you upset.

If a flat tire, which take into account is the source of the leak. Unplug the nail or other object that caused the leak. Clean the dirt that is until it is completely clean. Next, remove the remaining air inside the tire until completely dry.

Next, using a spiral screwdriver, find the direction of the hole carefully so as not to create new holes. Screwdriver spiral rotated to the right until a maximum, then pull back the screwdriver to the right as well. Glue or glue chemical vulcanizing fluid Castol on spiral and stick a screwdriver into the hole. Repeat the job twice and set aside some time.

Next take the needle clamp and permacure parts used to clog the hole. Open the wrapper and label glue permacure taste. Place the needle in the middle permacure. Unplug the spiral screwdriver inserted in the hole and carefully stick flops and permacure needle toward the hole as deep as possible. Then unplug immediately. If a large hole, use some permacure.

To smooth the remaining permacure use a knife and wait a while until the glue dried. After that the tire can be pumped as needed.

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CONCEPT OF HYBRID VEHICLE DRIVETRAIN

Any vehicle powertrain is basically required to (1) develop sufficient power to meet the demands of vehicle performance, (2) carry sufficient energy on-board to support vehicle driving in the given range, (3) demonstrate high efficiency, and (4) emit less environmental

pollutants. Broadly, a vehicle may have more than one energy source and energy converter (power source), such as gasoline (diesel)-IC engine system, hydrogen-fuel cell-electric motor system, and chemical battery-electric motor system. A hybrid vehicle drivetrain consists of two power sources. One is the primary power source and the other is secondary

power. For the purpose of recapturing part of the braking energy, hybrid drivetrain has at least one bidirectional energy source, typically chemical battery-electric motor system. At present, IC engines are the first selection for the primary power source, and perhaps fuel cells in the future.

Architecture of a hybrid vehicle is loosely defined as the connection between the components that define the energy flow routes and control ports. Traditionally, HEVs were classified into two basic types: series and parallel. It is interesting to note that, in 2000, some newly introduced HEVs could not be classified into these kinds [5]; hereby, HEVs are newly classified into four kinds: series hybrid, parallel hybrid, series-parallel hybrid, and complex hybrid, which are functionally shown in Figure 3.1 [4]. In Figure 3.1, a fuel tank-IC engine and a battery-electric motor are taken as the examples of the primary power source (steady power source) and secondary power source (dynamic power source), respectively. Of course, the IC engine can be replaced by other types of power sources, such as fuel cells. Similarly, the batteries can be replaced by ultracapacitors, flywheels, or their combinations.

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Handbook of Automotive Power

Electronics and Motor Drives

Edited by

Ali Emadi

Illinois Institute of Technology

Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A.

Boca Raton London New York Singapore

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the

Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

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