Jank Busters Part One

Jank, or in other words visible stutters, can be noticed when Chrome fails to render a frame within 16.66ms (disrupting 60 frames per second motion). As of today most of the V8 garbage collection work is performed on the main rendering thread, c.f. Figure 1, often resulting in jank when too many objects need to be maintained. Eliminating jank has always been a high priority for the V8 team [1, 2, 3]. In this blog post we will discuss a few optimizations that were implemented between M41 and M46 which significantly reduce garbage collection pauses resulting in better user experience.

Figure 1: Garbage collection performed on the main thread.

A major source of jank during garbage collection is processing various bookkeeping data structures. Many of these data structures enable optimizations that are unrelated to garbage collection. Two examples are the list of all ArrayBuffers, and each ArrayBuffer’s list of views. These lists allow for an efficient implementation of the DetachArrayBuffer operation without imposing any performance hit on access to an ArrayBuffer view. In situations, however, where a web page creates millions of ArrayBuffers, (e.g., WebGL-based games), updating those lists during garbage collection causes significant jank. In M46, we removed these lists and instead detect detached buffers by inserting checks before every load and store to ArrayBuffers. This amortizes the cost of walking the big bookkeeping list during GC by spreading it throughout program execution resulting in less jank. Although the per-access checks can theoretically slow down the throughput of programs that heavily use ArrayBuffers, in practice V8's optimizing compiler can often remove redundant checks and hoist remaining checks out of loops, resulting in a much smoother execution profile with little or no overall performance penalty.

Another source of jank is the bookkeeping associated with tracking the lifetimes of objects shared between Chrome and V8. Although the Chrome and V8 memory heaps are distinct, they must be synchronized for certain objects, like DOM nodes, that are implemented in Chrome's C++ code but accessible from JavaScript. V8 creates an opaque data type called a handle that allows Chrome to manipulate a V8 heap object without knowing any of the details of the implementation. The object's lifetime is bound to the handle: as long as Chrome keeps the handle around, V8's garbage collector won't throw away the object. V8 creates an internal data structure called a global reference for each handle it passes back out to Chrome through the V8 API, and these global references are what tell V8's garbage collector that the object is still alive. For WebGL games, Chrome may create millions of such handles, and V8, in turn, needs to create the corresponding global references to manage their lifecycle. Processing these huge amounts of global references in the main garbage collection pause is observable as jank. Fortunately, objects communicated to WebGL are often just passed along and never actually modified, enabling simple static escape analysis. In essence, for WebGL functions that are known to usually take small arrays as parameters the underlying data is copied on the stack, making a global reference obsolete. The result of such a mixed approach is a reduction of pause time by up to 50% for rendering-heavy WebGL games.

Most of V8’s garbage collection is performed on the main rendering thread. Moving garbage collection operations to concurrent threads reduces the waiting time for the garbage collector and further reduces jank. This is an inherently complicated task since the main JavaScript application and the garbage collector may simultaneous observe and modify the same objects. Until now, concurrency was limited to sweeping the old generation of the regular object JS heap. Recently, we also implemented concurrent sweeping of the code and map space of the V8 heap. Additionally, we implemented concurrent unmapping of unused pages to reduce the work that has to be performed on the main thread, c.f. Figure 2.

Figure 2: Some garbage collection operations performed on the concurrent garbage collection threads.

The impact of the discussed optimizations is clearly visible in WebGL-based games, for example Turbolenz' Oort Online demo. The following video compares Chrome M41 to M46


We are currently in the process of making more garbage collection components incremental, concurrent, and parallel, to shrink garbage collection pause times on the main thread even further. Stay tuned as we have some interesting patches in the pipeline.

Posted by the jank busters: Jochen Eisinger, Michael Lippautz, and Hannes Payer
2:36:00 AM

World Top 10 September 2015 (Updated)



Models - Record Edition

Thanks mostly to another outstanding performance of the chinese market, more than 47.000 plug-ins were sold last month, which not only represents a 13% increase over the last record (42k last June), but also a significant 52% increase regarding the same month last year, pulling the YTD sales to 334k units, meaning a 54% increase over the same period in 2014, if sales keep up this pace, we should see sales reach some 500.000 units. Yep, half a million EV's in one year, this year.

And to think sales in 2012 were at around 150.000...

Thanks to the UK and its domestic market, the Outlander PHEV (4.829 units) managed to get its second Monthly Best Seller Month in three months, on the other hand, the once dominant Nissan Leaf hasn't reached the highest place in podium since May.

This brilliant performance from the Mitsu Outlander PHEV allowed it to recover the #3 from the BYD Qin, which has seen its sales dive to just 2.115 units, its worst performance since February, that drop has more to do with BYD preferring to make the higher margin Tang SUV (3.044 units, already #6 in the September ranking), than to lower Qin demand. 

Speaking of models with outstanding performances outside the YTD Top 10, better even than the Tang performance was the sales surge of the Kandi Panda EV, shooting to #5 in September, thanks to a record 3.301 units registered.

Looking at the rest of the YTD ranking, the other notable change is the Golf GTE dropping another position to #10 (It was #8 in July), changing positions with the BAIC E-Series EV.

A final word on the BEV / PHEV breakdown, currently pure electrics are winning 60% / 40%, with plug-in hybrids recovering 2% share regarding last year.


PlWORLD Sep. YTD%'14Pl
1Nissan Leaf4.257 35.948111
2Tesla Model S4.65432.995103
3Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV4.82928.79192
4
5
6
BYD Qin
BMW i3
Renault Zoe
2.115
3.361
1.665
26.156
18.040
11.782
8
5
4
7
6
9
7Volkswagen e-Golf1.10311.220321
8Chevrolet Volt (1)1.11110.61234
9BAIC E-Series EV2.10010.344316
10Volkswagen Golf GTE1.19710.231333

TOTAL 47.598
334.500



Manufacturers -  Hot Race for Third Spot

This was the fifth consecutive month that BYD won the Best Selling Manufacturer title, again with a new personal record (6.013 units), the chinese carmaker is closing in to the leader Nissan, having recovered 1.433 units in September, there are now only 1.916 units separating them, so if all continues without major changes, BYD should surpass Nissan and become new Best Selling Manufacturer in November. 

In the race for #3, Tesla is still ahead, but with only 500 units separating it from Mitsubishi, a lot can still happen until the end of the year.

In the low end of the manufacturers ranking, things are pretty leveled, with only 96 sales separating the 12.924 units of the #9 Kandi (Back to the Top 10 after a nine months absence), from the 12.828 units of Chevrolet (#10) and 149 units ahead of the #11 Zotye (12.775), with the #12 BAIC also not that far off (10.533).


PlWORLDSep.YTD%'14Pl
1Nissan4.58038.888121
2BYD6.01336.972117
3Tesla4.66033.001103
4Mitsubishi5.32232.501102
5
6
7
Volkswagen
BMW
Renault 
2.596
3.843
2.428
23.932
22.263
17.568
7
7
5
11
9
8
8Ford1.79915.33855
9Kandi4.05112.924410
10Chevrolet1.273 12.82846





(1) - Includes Holden Volt, Opel and Vauxhall Ampera;


Five reasons why they should test autonomous cars in Ontario

Did I say five? I meant six…

Paul Leroux
It was late and I needed to get home. So I shut down my laptop, bundled myself in a warm jacket, and headed out to the QNX parking lot. A heavy snow had started to fall, making the roads slippery — but was I worried? Not really. In Ottawa, snow is a fact of life. You learn to live with it, and you learn to drive in it. So I cleared off the car windows, hopped in, and drove off.

Alas, my lack of concern was short-lived. The further I drove, the faster and thicker the snow fell. And then, it really started to come down. Pretty soon, all I could see out my windshield was a scene that looked like this, but with even less detail:



That’s right: a pure, unadulterated whiteout. Was I worried? Nope. But only because I was in a state of absolute terror. Fortunately, I could see the faintest wisp of tire tracks immediately in front of my car, so I followed them, praying that they didn’t lead into a ditch, or worse. (Spoiler alert: I made it home safe and sound.)

Of course, it doesn’t snow every day in Ottawa — or anywhere else in Ontario, for that matter. That said, we can get blanketed with the white stuff any time from October until April. And when we do, the snow can play havoc with highways, railways, airports, and even roofs.

Roofs, you say? One morning, a few years ago, I heard a (very) loud noise coming from the roof of QNX headquarters. When I looked out, this is what I saw — someone cleaning off the roof with a snow blower! So much snow had fallen that the integrity of the roof was being threatened:



When snow like this falls on the road, it can tax the abilities of even the best driver. But what happens when the driver isn’t a person, but the car itself? Good question. Snow and blowing snow can mask lane markers, cover street signs, and block light-detection sensors, making it difficult for an autonomous vehicle to determine where it should go and what it should do. Snow can even trick the vehicle into “seeing” phantom objects.

And it’s not just snow. Off the top of my head, I can think of 4 other phenomena common to Ontario roads that pose a challenge to human and robot drivers alike: black ice, freezing rain, extreme temperatures, and moose. I am only half joking about the last item: autonomous vehicles must respond appropriately to local fauna, not least when the animal in question weighs half a ton.

To put it simply, Ontario would be a perfect test bed for advancing the state of autonomous technologies. So imagine my delight when I learned that the Ontario government has decided to do something about it.

Starting January 1, Ontario will become the first Canadian province to allow road testing of automated vehicles and related technology. The provincial government is also pledging half a million dollars to the Ontario Centres of Excellence Connected Vehicle/Automated Vehicle Program, in addition to $2.45 million already provided.

The government has also installed some virtual guard rails. For instance, it insists that a trained driver stay behind the wheel at all times. The driver must monitor the operation of the autonomous vehicle and take over control whenever necessary.

Testing autonomous vehicles in Ontario simply makes sense, but not only because of the weather. The province also has a lot of automotive know-how. Chrysler, Ford, General Motors, Honda, and Toyota all have plants here, as do 350 parts suppliers. Moreover, the province has almost 100 companies and institutions involved in connected vehicle and automated vehicle technologies — including, of course, QNX Software Systems and its parent company, BlackBerry.

So next time you’re in Ontario, take a peek at the driver in the car next to you. But don’t be surprised if he or she isn’t holding the steering wheel.


A version of this post originally appeared in Connected Car Expo blog.

Markets Roundup September 2015



Dieselgate: Early signs on VAG Plug-in models sales

Although still early to see definitive trends, for that we will need to wait for October and November numbers, i tried to spot in the September sales some early signs of any disruption pattern in Volkswagen Group's most significant EV's, namely the e-Golf and e-Up! pure electrics and the Golf GTE and Audi A3 e-Tron plug-in hybrids.

The scandal can work in two ways for these cars, either consumers opt out in any model from VAG, hurting their sales, or buyers switch from a regular VW diesel model to their Plug-in version, as can be the case in the Audi A3 or VW Golf. 

So, let's have a look at last month performance, model by model:


Volkswagen Golf GTE

- Sales drop in Netherlands, with 335 units, worst result in six months and dropping to Third in September, after four consecutive months as Best Seller;

- Worst sales month ever in Belgium, with eight units;

- Personal best in Portugal, with eight units.


Volkswagen e-Golf

- No sales last month in Spain, the first time it has happened since it landed there.


Audi A3 e-Tron

- 76 units were sold in France, its worst result in six months and the first time since February it dropped from the 100 units/month;

- Significant drop in the Netherlands and Norway, worst result since January in both countries;

- Personal best in Spain, with 21 units.


Volkwagen e-Up!

- Worst performance of the year in Norway;

- Only two units in Austria, the lowest sales level in six months;


As it is possible to see, the worst performers in September were the Audi A3 e-Tron and VW Golf GTE, with significant drops in high volume markets, like Netherlands or Norway, wih only two bright spots in secondary, low volume markets.

The pure electric models e-Golf and e-Up! seem to have coped better with the rough times, but truth be told, their general numbers aren't as high as their plug-hybrid relatives, and in the case of the little e-Up! sales have been dropping also for quite a long time.

 






Trends in the G8 


Renault rules in France, BYD does it also in China, while in Japan, the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV finally has a real shot at beating the Nissan Leaf for the Best Seller Title, something it has consistently been doing in the UK for the last year.

Tesla manages to keep to itself the leadership in the US, while Volkswagen had significant drops in Norway and Netherlands (See above), and finally in Germany, Volkswagen leads in the manufacturers ranking, but in the models chart, the First Place is very much open to debate, with five(!) models with realistic aspirations to be the Best Seller, with only three months to go!

Looking at Market Share, the only two dark spots are the US (0,6% now vs 0,7% last year), continuing to wait for better days (*cough* Chevrolet Volt II *cough*), and Japan, on a sales dive with no end in sight, but looking at the rest of the pack, things vary between the moderatly optimistic, like France (1,28% vs 0,91%) or Germany (0,63% vs 0,44%) and China's exponential growth (0,71% vs 0,25%), with Norway (22% vs 14%) and Netherlands (6% vs 4%) also growing at a fast pace.


Trends in other Markets 

Looking at other markets, we should mention the extraordinary result of the Outlander PHEV in Spain and Portugal, taking the lead there, as well as the extraordinary results of Tesla in Denmark, Switzerland, Austria and Hong Kong, not only leading the EV ranking in those countries, but also making an impact in its size class, sometimes putting to shame the usual leaders from BMW, Audi and Mercedes.

Belgium buyers continue their love affair with the Porsche Cayenne Plug-in, like Sweden does with the Outlander PHEV and Ireland with the Nissan Leaf, while the Renault Fluence ZE is having a rebirth in South Korea, in the shape of the Samsung SM3 ZE, which is now the leader of the EV market in this high potential market.

Looking at Market Share, if the EV markets in Estonia and Latvia have just imploded, others are the other way around, with Hong Kong rising exponentially to 3% share, up from 0,46% last year, Switzerland is also up significantly to 1,95%, up from 0,75%, while in the Ukraine plug-ins are now at 1% share, up from virtually...Zero last year.

Europe September 2015

"A Star is Born"


Rookie Of The Year Edition

More than 15.000 units were sold last month in the European EV market, up 54% YoY, and with over 120.000 registered this year, YTD sales are headed for over 150k units this year, a significant improvement over the 100k registered in 2014.

Looking at the monthly models ranking, it is heavily influenced by the UK market, with the first two positions belonging to the Outlander PHEVand Nissan Leaf, the two major forces there.

In Third we have the french Renault Zoe, benefiting from an uptick in sales in the domestic market, followed by the VW Golf GTE and Tesla Model S.

PlModelSales  
1Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV2.849
2Nissan Leaf1.890
3Renault Zoe
1.649   
4Volkswagen Golf GTE
1.192
5Tesla Model S1.049

Looking at the YTD ranking, the only changes are below the Top 10: the Porsche Cayenne Plug-In climbs one positions to #13, while the Mercedes C350e goes from strength to strength: 570 registrations in September, allowing it to climb two positions to #14 and confirming the Mercedes model as the only rookie able to create an impact in the ranking.

On the other hand, the VW e-Up! had its worst result ever, registering only 155 units, dropping two positions to #15, considering the current dive in the ranking, just last year the little VW was #6, the german brand should give a signal to the market that now is effectively pro-electric, by giving the e-Up! a substantial price cut, answering at the same time to the question: "Is VW really into plug-ins?".

An interesting stat is the unexpected rise in sales from the I-Miev family, especially the Peugeot iOn, this year 1.126 electric Pugs were registered, double of last year result (594 units), the C-Zero is already 72 units above last year result, while the family original, the Mitsu I-Miev, has seen its sales rise a more modest 13%. Price cuts can do wonders to a model career...

There is a newcomer in the ranking, with the Volkswagen Passat GTE displacing the Opel Ampera from #30, the midsize VW will be a serious candidate next year to the D-Segment / Midsize class trophy, so the Volvo V60 Plug-In and Mercedes C350e need to keep an eye on it.

Looking at the brands ranking, Volkswagen is in the lead of Europe's EV Manufacturers Throne (18%, -1%), followed by Mitsubishi (16%) in Second and Renault in Third, with 13%, the same share as Nissan, but with the japanese manufacturer 815 units behind its Alliance partner.

PlEuropeSep.2015%'14Pl
1Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV2.84919.574161
2Nissan Leaf1.89012.761112
3Renault Zoe 1.64911.693103
4Tesla Model S1.05910.62694
5Volkswagen Golf GTE1.19210.226922
6Volkswagen e-Golf 7608.66579
7Audi A3 e-Tron8247.964719
8BMW i38967.36065
9
10
11
Volvo V60 Plug-In
Kia Soul EV
Renault Kangoo ZE
418
625
476
3.577
2.897
2.662
3
2
2
7
23
8
12Nissan e-NV200 / Evalia2702.358212
13Porsche Cayenne Plug-In2892.261228
14Mercedes C350e5702.2452N/A
15
16
17
18
Volkswagen e-Up!
Mercedes B-Class ED
BMW i8
Renault Twizy
155
252
133
144
2.191
2.122
1.661
1.570
2
2
1
1
6
29
15
11
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
Smart Fortwo ED
Peugeot iOn
Bolloré Blue Car
Citröen C-Zero
Mitsubishi I-Miev
Mercedes S500e
Toyota Prius Plug-In
Ford C-Max Energi
Porsche Panamera Plug-In
Goupil
Peugeot Partner EV
Volkswagen Passat GTE
97
 156
199
101
82
73
79
81
35
43
29
136
1.463
1.126
751
678
599
577
518
485
419
312
250
248
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
21
13
20
17
31
14
N/A
18
24
25
N/A

TOTAL15.725120.672100

Lecture notes of CESA 2014 are available

After some months of work, we are happy to announce today the arrival of the lecture notes of CESA edited by SPRINGER under the title "Energy Consumption and Autonomous Driving".

Authors received a free copy.

Should you be interested to receive a copy yourself, please order it online at
http://www.springer.com/de/book/9783319198170

For the next edition we are already planning topics and keynotes.

It will take place on November 16 and 17, 2016 again in the South of Paris.

Save the date now !
4:29:00 AM

Belgium September 2015



Two contestants, only one winner: Who will it be?


Cayenne Plug-In Closer to #1

312 EV's were sold in Belgium last month, up 117% YoY, placing the EV Share at 0,74% and YTD sales close to 3.000 units, already a 39% improvement over last year.

The two on the front continue their close run, the Tesla Model S (71 units) this time lost some ground to the Porsche Cayenne Plug-In, with the difference between both now at just 33 units.

In the rest of the ranking, the #4 Golf GTE had its worst selling month since it landed, registering only 8 units, allowing the Volvo V60 Plug-In to approach a little, but the real action happened in the second half of the ranking, with the Mercedes C350e climbing two positions to #17, the Nissan e-NV200 / Evalia also climbed two positions to #19, while the Kia Soul EV had a rare drop, losing three positions to #21, after having failed to deliver any unit last month.

In the manufacturers ranking, everything remains the same, with Porsche leading (24%, plus 1%), followed closely by Tesla (22%) and BMW, with 15%.


PlBelgiumSep.YTD%'14Pl
1Tesla Model S71640221
2Porsche Cayenne Plug-In846072114
3
4
BMW i3 *
VW Golf GTE
25
8
305
205
10
7
2
23
5Volvo V60 Plug-In2317066
6Nissan Leaf1815654
7Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV814555
8Audi A3 e-Tron12139515
9BMW i8813049
10Porsche Panamera Plug-In68433
11Mercedes B-Class ED9582N/A
12Renault Twizy54928
13
14
15
15
Mercedes S500 Plug-In
VW e-Golf
Smart Fortwo ED
Renault Zoe          
8
2
1
1
48
32
25
25
2
1
1
1
N/A
10
10
7
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
23
25
25
25
25
29
Mercedes C350e
VW e-Up!
Nissan e-NV200 / Evalia
Peugeot iOn
Kia Soul EV
Porsche 918
Ford Focus Electric
Opel Ampera
Mitsubishi I-Miev
Volkswagen XL1
McLaren P1
Toyota Prius Plug-In
Citröen C-Zero
10
1
6
4







1
1
21
20
15
14
13
7
3
3
2
2
 2
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N/A
12
18
17
18
21
N/A
16
18
N/A
23
23
23

TOTAL3122.923100

Source: febiac.be



* - 2 Bev + 23 Rex

France September 2015



Allez, Les Bleus! Edition 

2.709 units were sold in the French EV market, up 14 YoY, keeping the EV Share at a record 1,28%.

Looking at the monthly models ranking, it's business as usual in the leadership, with the Renault Zoe ahead of the competition and the Nissan Leaf down to #4, giving way to the Renault Kangoo ZE, #2 with 393 units (Best performance in two years!), and the Bolloré Blue Car, #3 with 199 units, its best performance in 22 months.

Keeping the positive note for the domestic models, the Peugeot iOn ended the month selling 94 units, allowing it a #6 in September, while its Citroen twin, the C-Zero, had its best performance in 16 months by registering 47 new cars. It looks that the gallic



PlModelSales
1Renault Zoe989
2Renault KangooZE393
3Bolloré Blue Car199
4Nissan Leaf185
5VW Golf GTE172

Looking at the YTD ranking, there were a couple of position changes, the Kia Soul EV climbed two positions to #13, switching places with the long-in-the-tooth Smart Fortwo ED.

The other two models to climb in the ranking were the Mercedes B-Class ED, up two positions to #21, and the Prius Plug-In, which by clearing stock registering 13 units last month (Best performance since 2013), ascended to #25.

In the manufacturers ranking, everything stayed the same, with Renault First (50% Share), followed by Nissan (11%, down 1%) and Volkswagen (9%, 1% less).


PlFranceSep.YTD 15%'14Pl
1Renault Zoe9897.048391
2Nissan Leaf1851.771103
3Renault Kangoo ZE 3931.71692
4Volkswagen Golf GTE 1721.3067N/A
5Audi A3 e-Tron768895N/A
6
7
8
Bolloré Blue Car
BMW i3 *
Mitsu. Outlander PHEV
199
77
72
751
600
535
4
3
3
4
6
5
9Tesla Model S81509310
10Peugeot  iOn94462313
11
12
Renault Twizy
Goupil
37
 43
353
312
2
2
8
9
13Kia Soul EV48296219
14
15
16
17
18
Nissan e-NV200 / Evalia
Smart Fortwo ED
Porsche Cayenne Plug-In e)
Citröen C-Zero
Volkswagen e-Up! 
46
23
30
47
13
294
273
217
205
128
2
2
1
1
1
12
7
N/A
14
11
19
20
Peugeot Partner EV
Volkswagen e-Golf
19
10
103
96
1
1
17
15
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Mercedes B-Class ED
BMW i8 e)
Volvo V60 Plug-In
Citröen Berlingo EV
Toyota Prius Plug-In
Mercedes C350e e)
Mercedes S500e e)
Porsche 918
Opel Ampera
Mitsubishi I-Miev
Renault Fluence ZE
17
5

5
13
10
5




72
67
59
53
33
32
27
8
6
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
N/A
21
18
16
21
N/A
N/A
27
23
N/A
26

TOTAL2.70918.224100

e) Estimate



Source: Avere France; Avem.fr

* - 23 Bev + 54 Rex

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